describe a single covalent bond as a shared pair of electrons;
explain, using dot and cross diagrams, how covalent bonding occurs and label lone pairs of electrons;
draw dot and cross diagrams and indicate the presence of multiple bonds
recognise covalent bonding as typical of non-metallic elements and compounds;
demonstrate knowledge and understanding that a molecule is two or more atoms covalently bonded and that diatomic means that there are two atoms covalently bonded in a molecule;
demonstrate knowledge and understanding that covalent bonds are strong and that substantial energy is required to break covalent bonds;
demonstrate knowledge and understanding that a covalent bond may be represented by a line; and